Lo que escribo a continuación no se basa en un estudio a profundidad, sino en mi experiencia personal. Soy estudiante de dos pregrados en la Universidad EAFIT: ciencias políticas y derecho. Cada una de estas carreras tiene sus pros y sus contras, pero en general estoy satisfecho con ambas. Más allá de eso, quiero hablar de un problema concreto: la forma en que los estudiantes de cada carrera ven a quienes estudian la otra (estoy generalizando, soy consciente de que en los dos pregrados hay excepciones).
En mi experiencia como estudiante de derecho, con frecuencia me encuentro con compañeros que ven como inferiores a quienes estudian ciencias políticas. En general, puedo ver que estas personas creen que los que eligieron ciencias políticas como carrera, lo hicieron porque no son capaces de estudiar derecho, que en esta narrativa es vista como una disciplina más exigente y superior. Tan arraigada es esta creencia en algunos, que me han llegado a preguntar para qué estudio las dos carreras, si estudiar derecho es como estudiar ambos pregrados, puesto que la ciencia política está contenida en el derecho público.
Quienes creen esto asumen que el análisis político se reduce al estudio de las constituciones, leyes, decretos, reglamentos, etc., y que con eso es suficiente para comprender los fenómenos políticos. Debido a ello, consideran que es la disciplina del derecho –específicamente el derecho constitucional y el derecho administrativo– la más adecuada para analizar la política, y equivocadamente asumen que ese tipo de análisis político es el que hace un politólogo. Así, ignoran que un buen politólogo debe, por supuesto, conocer la normatividad jurídica relativa al tema que estudia, pero que su labor es mucho más amplia. El politólogo debe recurrir a metodologías de investigación propias de la ciencia política, para analizar asuntos como la manera en que los actores políticos operan en realidad (más allá de lo que dicen las normas) y la forma en que las instituciones y la realidad social interactúan mutuamente, por dar un par de ejemplos.
Hasta ahora me he referido únicamente a la forma en que los estudiantes de derecho ven a la ciencia política y a quienes se dedican a ella. Pero este fenómeno también tiene lugar entre mis compañeros de ciencias políticas.
En efecto, los futuros politólogos tienden a su vez a ver como inferiores a quienes se dedican al estudio del derecho. Estas personas consideran que el derecho es una disciplina excesivamente formalista, y que quienes se dedican a ella están más preocupados por las disposiciones plasmadas en la normatividad, que por lo que ocurre en el mundo real. De manera errada, estos aspirantes a politólogos consideran que el estudio del derecho importa poco, puesto que asumen que el derecho no es más que una realidad producto de la política, ignorando la autonomía relativa del derecho respecto de otros fenómenos sociales. Por ello, consideran que es suficiente con saber de ciencia política para entender por completo los fenómenos jurídicos.
Además, los politólogos ven a los abogados como unos técnicos de las ciencias sociales, preocupados únicamente por saber recitar de memoria lo establecido en las disposiciones jurídicas. Esta asunción tiene dos problemas fundamentales: i) es falsa, ii) revela un problemático desprecio por las cuestiones técnicas y concretas. Efectivamente, creo que los estudiantes de ciencias políticas que creen que el derecho es una bobada puesto que es “muy técnico”, han caído en la creencia de que es suficiente con estudiar las grandes teorías para comprender a la realidad social, y que las minucias técnicas, las cuestiones de “carpintería”, son algo irrelevante, propio de científicos sociales de menor categoría. Ese es un error fatal, pues si bien la teoría es muy importante, no lo es menos conocer las cuestiones que explican el funcionamiento concreto del mundo político. Así, de poco sirve entender la manera en que Montesquieu comprendió la separación de poderes, si no se entiende cómo se relacionan los poderes públicos en Colombia.
En suma, creo que es hora de que los futuros politólogos y los futuros abogados comprendan tres cosas: i) que ninguna de las dos disciplinas es superior a la otra; ii) que saber de ciencia política o de derecho no implica saber de las dos, puesto que ninguna puede subsumir a la otra; iii) que las dos disciplinas se necesitan mutuamente, puesto que ninguna puede explicar por sí sola la realidad social. Si los estudiantes de ambas carreras entienden lo anterior, podremos hacer una ciencia social más exitosa y fructífera que la que tiene lugar cuando nos vemos transados en inútiles competencias disciplinares.
@AlejandroCorts1
[author] [author_image timthumb=’on’]https://fbcdn-sphotos-f-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-ash3/t1.0-9/10157367_1429775133947014_2734248217865849022_n.jpg[/author_image] [author_info] Alejandro Cortés Arbeláez Estudiante de Ciencias Políticas y Derecho de la Universidad EAFIT. Ha publicado en revistas como Colombia Internacional, de la Universidad de los Andes; Cuadernos de Ciencias Políticas, del pregrado en Ciencias Políticas de la Universidad EAFIT; Revista Debates de la Universidad de Antioquia; y varias columnas de opinión en el periódico El Colombiano. Ha sido voluntario de Antioquia Visible, capítulo regional del proyecto Congreso Visible. Realizó su práctica profesional en el Instituto de Estudios Políticos y Relaciones Internacionales de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia (IEPRI). Leer sus columnas. [/author_info] [/author]
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