La Aerotropolis es un concepto de mercadeo territorial, no es un concepto legal, constitucional o jurídico. Evoluciona en el plano económico desde potencialidades geográficas en el mismo sentido que un puerto desde una bahía o un canal desde un istmo. Va más allá de la infraestructura logística: el aeropuerto, o la configuración urbana: la ciudad-aeropuerto.
Aerotropolis es un concepto acuñado por el profesor John Kasarda para comprender y proponer esquemas de ordenamiento territorial orientados por las cadenas de valor de escala planetaria que se van estructurando en torno a los aeropuertos como “routers” del flujo comercial y de conocimiento.
La propuesta de Kasarda comienza por reconocer que en cada uno de los últimos siglos un modo principal de transporte ha marcado el desarrollo del territorio. La primera ola estaría asociada a los puertos de mar (Siglo 17), la siguiente a los ríos y canales (Siglo 18), los ferrocarriles (Siglo 19), las autopistas (Siglo 20) y actualmente estaríamos en la quinta ola asociada a los aeropuertos (Siglo 21).
Como consecuencia de lo anterior algunos lugares tendrían más facilidades para integrarse a la quinta ola de esas “autopistas áreas” que serían las rutas internacionales de conexión entre aeropuertos y territorios aerotropolitanos. Habiendo desarrollado su aglomeración urbana alrededor de otros modos de transporte la re-estructuración podría generar desafíos de inversión y reinversión de proporciones enormes, mientras que otros territorios sin estar integrados de manera principal con algún modo de transporte anterior tendrían mucho más margen para crecer de manera orgánica con el modelo de Aerotropolis.
El contraste se podría pensar en el caso colombiano entre Bogotá y Medellín. El debate sobre el rol del aeropuerto en el modelo de ciudad en el caso de Bogotá es completamente ausente, poniendo como acento principal en la discusión del desarrollo urbano en la movilidad interna y sin mayor reflexión sobre la conectividad internacional. Por el contrario en Antioquia la discusión no solamente ha sido adelantada, sino que además es evidente en el rol de los municipios dónde se instaló el escenario aeroportuario porque tienen una lógica mucho más proactiva y asertiva que los municipios en Cundinamarca al encontrarse directamente en la relación con los mercados internacionales.
La Aerotropolis emerge de la comprensión del efecto regional de la conectividad a escala global y trasciende los límites político administrativos estatales. Arranca por la comprensión porque requiere asumir que el impacto de una operación aeroportuaria internacional trasciende los límites jurisdiccionales del municipio en el que está instalada la infraestructura, sin esa comprensión no se explican los reordenamientos en todos los municipios vecinos e incluso los más alejados pero influenciados por la infraestructura específicamente aeroportuaria. Todos esos municipios van tomando como marco orientador para evaluar las cadenas de valor aquellas oportunidades que pueden insertar el desarrollo de la competitividad territorial en un contexto supranacional.
El Oriente Antioqueño no tiene que esperar a que se terminen las obras de la infraestructura 4G o las modernizaciones en los puertos marítimos, y aunque será muy beneficiado de todo lo anterior, y sobre todo de la navegabilidad del Rio Magdalena, la presencia del aeropuerto internacional José María Cordova, y su conciencia incipiente, pero adelantada en el escenario nacional sobre la conectividad aérea, lo convierte en el probable epicentro del desarrollo del comercio global de las próximas décadas.
La ventaja de pensarse más allá de las formalidades político administrativas del Estado, como por ejemplo ser Área Metropolitana, y pasar directamente al concepto de mercadeo territorial encarnado en la Aerotropolis es que permite conectarse directamente con lo que sucede en las nuevas ciudades asiáticas que aprovechando su desarrollo a partir de las nuevas rutas de comercio global ponen el aeropuerto en el centro de la configuración territorial y eslabonan toda su dinámica urbana y rural en función de dicha conectividad. Un poco alineado también a otros hubs logísticos como Memphis o Los Angeles que también se reconfiguran en torno a esa modalidad de transporte.
Y de hecho al hablar y asumirse en términos de Aerotropolis también se conectarían con los especialistas de inversión inmobiliaria, como por ejemplo Jones Lang Lasalle, que le dan seguimiento a este tipo de configuraciones para evaluar sus recomendaciones de ubicación a las multinacionales que requieren una permanente optimización de costos en sus cadenas de producción y a los fondos de inversión global que se enfocan en los parques industriales.
Las condiciones estarían dadas para que el Oriente Antioqueño se estableciera como la primera Aerotropolis de Suramérica de cara a los desarrollos de la Alianza del Pacifico al ser un punto equidistante entre los países del norte y del sur del continente y al mismo tiempo estar situada en una región que cuenta con una gran concentración de exportadores e importadores internacionales. Si bien tendría inicialmente como competencia por relativa equidistancia tanto a Panamá como a Bogotá, y en especial está última por el desarrollo de la segunda sede del aeropuerto El Dorado, lo cierto es que los hubs aeroportuarios también generan una mayor densidad entre este tipo de escenarios, como lo que pasa en la mayor parte de Asia e incluso en el centro y este de Estados Unidos dónde la presencia de más de un hub logístico amplia la ventaja general de la región.
El paso que se está debatiendo actualmente de crear un Area Metropolitana del Valle de San Nicolás podría ser un elemento potenciador de la configuración aerotropolitana si el debate se da en torno a acelerar la conectividad regional con el mercado global, de lo contrario, y lo más probable, es que en el proceso de conformación se acentúen los limites político administrativos estatales, las luchas de protagonismo territorial sin clave de complementariedad económica y por pensar en la estructura gubernamental la estrategia territorial pase a un segundo nivel.
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